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The 'Leaky Pipeline': Authorship Positions
Women represent 44.7% of first authors but only 34.1% of last authors in 2024. This 10.6-percentage-point gap has remained stable for two decades, quantifying the 'leaky pipeline' phenomenon.
Authorship positions: first vs last author
Methodology & formula
What it shows: evolution of female % by authorship position (first, last, all) over time, with detail for the latest year.
The "leaky pipeline gap" is the percentage-point difference between first and last author, measuring female attrition in senior academic positions.
Gap formula:
Gap formula:
gap = %F_first_author − %F_last_author
-- For each chunk of article_authors (by id range):
SELECT aa.pmid, py.year, aa.author_order, aa."gender"
FROM article_authors aa
JOIN pmid_year py ON aa.pmid = py.pmid
-- Python groups by pmid → max(author_order) determines positions
-- first: order=1, last: order=max, solo: max=1
-- % female per position = f / (m+f) × 100
Year: --
| Position | % Female | Female | Male | Total |
|---|
Leaky pipeline gap